> int('10') # 实际上等同于int('10', base=10)和int('10', 10) 
10 
> int('10', 2) # 实际上是int('10', base=2)的缩写 
2 
> from functools import partial 
> int2 = partial(int, 2) # 这里我没写base，结果就出错了 
> int2('10') 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 
TypeError: an integer is required 
> int2 = partial(int, base=2) # 把base参数绑定在int2这个函数里 
> int2('10') # 现在缺省参数base被设为2了 
2 
> int2('10', 3) # 没加base，结果又出错了 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 
TypeError: keyword parameter 'base' was given by position and by name 
> int2('10', base=3) 
3 
> type(int2) 
<type 'functools.partial'> 

#-*- coding: gbk -*- 
 
def thisIsliving(fun): 
 def living(*args, **kw): 
  return fun(*args, **kw) + '活着就是吃嘛。' 
 return living 
 
@thisIsliving 
def whatIsLiving(): 
 "什么是活着" 
 return '对啊，怎样才算活着呢？' 
 
print whatIsLiving() 
print whatIsLiving.__doc__ 
 
print 
 
from functools import update_wrapper 
def thisIsliving(fun): 
 def living(*args, **kw): 
  return fun(*args, **kw) + '活着就是吃嘛。' 
 return update_wrapper(living, fun) 
 
@thisIsliving 
def whatIsLiving(): 
 "什么是活着" 
 return '对啊，怎样才算活着呢？' 
 
print whatIsLiving() 
print whatIsLiving.__doc__ 

对啊，怎样才算活着呢？活着就是吃嘛。
None

对啊，怎样才算活着呢？活着就是吃嘛。
什么是活着

#-*- coding: gbk -*- 
 
from functools import wraps 
 
def thisIsliving(fun): 
 @wraps(fun) 
 def living(*args, **kw): 
  return fun(*args, **kw) + '活着就是吃嘛。' 
 return living 
 
@thisIsliving 
def whatIsLiving(): 
 "什么是活着" 
 return '对啊，怎样才算活着呢？' 
 
print whatIsLiving() 
print whatIsLiving.__doc__ 

对啊，怎样才算活着呢？活着就是吃嘛。
什么是活着

from functools import total_ordering

@total_ordering
class Student(object):
  def __init__(self, name):
    self.name = name

  def __eq__(self, other):
    return self.name.lower() == other.name.lower()

  def __lt__(self, other):
    return self.name.lower() < other.name.lower()

a = Student('dan')
b = Student('mink')

print a > b
print a
print sorted([b, a])

False
<__main__.Student object at 0x7f16ecb194d0>
[<__main__.Student object at 0x7f16ecb194d0>, <__main__.Student object at 0x7f16ecb195d0>]